Gelcoated Crestapol® 1212 Laminate System Achieves EN 45545 Level HL2 Fire and Fume Railway Regulation
7/29/2014
The EU regulatory fire safety standard EN 45545, first published in March 2013, is now a critical fire and fume regulation that European OEMs designing rolling stock or any high speed railway vehicle must comply with to meet the new EC Directives covering 'cross boarder' interoperability for the trans-European high speed rail system. EN 45545, which covers fire, smoke and fume toxicity (FST), is replacing all previous national fire regulations (NFF, DIN, BS,UNI), providing one European fire safety standard for the materials used in railway vehicles; HL1 is the lowest pass level, with HL3 the highest rating in the current EN standard.
Scott Bader has supplied fire retardant (FR) thermoset resins and gelcoats for composites applications in the rail industry for over 35 years. As part of the transition to this new EN 45545 standard, a number of laminate systems suitable for rolling stock and infrastructure applications were submitted for independent fire performance testing to Exova Warringtonfire laboratories in the UK; Exova is a global organisation which specialises in providing fire engineering, fire testing and fire certification services. Test results from Exova Warringtonfire gave a level HL2 pass rating to the new EN 45545 standard for a test piece fabricated from a glass fibre laminate system comprising of Crystic® Fireguard 70PA gelcoat and ATH-filled Crestapol® 1212 resin, glass fibre matt reinforced. Fireguard 70PA gelcoat, combines good UV weathering properties with low flammability.
Using a specialty high performance laminate system, such as an ATH filled Crestapol acrylic resin and Crystic FR Gelcoat Matched System, FRP composite parts which can meet stringent fire, smoke and toxicity (FST) standards for certain composite rail applications can be cost effectively fabricated by a variety of processes. There are Crestapol resin grades available for closed moulding and pultrusion, along with enhanced performance 慼alogen free' Crystic FR gelcoats with low surface spread of flame for both interior and exterior applications.
The Federal's pistol slid into its holster and his sabre flashed out. He threw its curved point up in a splendid salute. Ferry saluted with his straight blade. Then both swords rang back into their scabbards, and Jewett whirled away toward his column. For a moment we lingered, then faced to the left, trotted, galloped. Over the fence and into the road went he--went I. Down it, as we crossed, the blue column was just moving again. Then the woods on the south swallowed us up. "All right, sir." that before. Meanwhile the parallelism between Thought and Extension was not exhausted by the identification just analysed. Extension was not only a series of movements; it still remained an expression for co-existence and adjacency.412 Spinoza, therefore, felt himself obliged to supply Thought with a correspondingly continuous quality. It is here that his chief originality lies, here that he has been most closely followed by the philosophy of our own time. Mind, he declares, is an attribute everywhere accompanying matter, co-extensive and co-infinite with space. Our own animation is the sum or the resultant of an animation clinging to every particle that enters into the composition of our bodies. When our thoughts are affected by an external impulse, to suppose that this impulse proceeds from anything material is a delusion; it is produced by the mind belonging to the body which acts on our body; although in what sense this process is to be understood remains a mystery. Spinoza has clearly explained the doctrine of animal automatism, and shown it to be perfectly conceivable;569 but he has entirely omitted to explain how the parallel influence of one thought (or feeling) on another is to be understood; for although this too is spoken of as a causal relation, it seems to be quite different from the logical concatenation described as the infinite intellect of God; and to suppose that idea follows from idea like movement from movement would amount to a complete materialisation of mind; while our philosopher would certainly have repudiated Mr. Shadworth Hodgson’s theory, that states of consciousness are only connected through their extended substratum, as the segments of a mosaic picture are held together by the underlying surface of masonry. Nor can we admit that Spinoza entertained the theory, now so popular, according to which extension and consciousness are merely different aspects of a single reality. For this would imply that the substance which they manifest had an existence of its own apart from its attributes; whereas Spinoza makes it consist of the attributes, that is to say, identifies it with their totality. We are forced, then, to conclude that the proposition declaring thought and extension to be the same thing570 has no413 other meaning than that they are connected by the double analogy which we have endeavoured to explain. “Oh, he’s welcome to it,” Sandy cried. “I’ve turned over a new leaf!” “But—are they?” He pulled a wire out a trifle from the sheath. The sergeant spent more time upon the oaths with which he embellished the counter-question as to how he should know anything about it, than would have been consumed in a civil explanation. "Doctor, he can't die. He mustn't die," said Shorty in agony. "The regiment can't spare him. He's the best soldier in it, and he's my pardner." AND ENTERS UPON HIS PARENTAL RELATIONS TO LITTLE PETE SKIDMORE. "Holy smoke, look there," gasped Monty Scruggs, as a company of rebel cavalry came tearing over the hill in front, to the assistance of their comrades. "That's about it," answered Shorty disdainfully. "That's the way with all cavalry, dad-burn 'em. They're like a passel o' fice pups. They're all yelp and bark, and howl and showin' o' teeth. They're jest goin' to tear you to pieces. But when you pick up a stone or a club, or git ready to give 'em a good kick they're gone, the devil knows where. They're only an aggravation. You never kin do nothin' with 'em, and they kin do nothin' with you. I never kin understand why God Almighty wasted his time in makin' cavalry of any kind, Yank or rebel. All our own cavalry's good for is to steal whisky and chickens from honest soldiers of the infantry. The infantry's the only thing. It's like the big dog that comes up without any special remarks, and sets his teeth in the other dog. The thing only ends when one dog or the other is badly whipped and somethin's bin accomplished." "Mmm." Reuben started out of the half-waking state into which he had fallen. It was late in the afternoon, the sunlight had gone, and a wintry twilight crept up the wall. Maude the dairy-woman was looking in at the door. It was about a month subsequent to this, that one morning, as Turner was making the anvil ring with the ponderous strokes of his hammer, two retainers from the castle entered the shed, and delivered an order from De Boteler for his immediate attendance. Wat laid the hammer on the anvil, and, passing the back of his right hand across his forehead, to clear away the large drops that stood there, looked with a kind of smile at the men as he said, HoME泷泽萝拉四部和集下载
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